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Family : BUFONIDAE
Species : Ingerophrynus celebensis
Size (snout to vent) :
Confirmed to at least 56 mm (based on specimens collected by Leong & Chou,
2000). Possibly to 80 mm (rough field estimate based on the male example in
Figure 2).
Ingerophrynus
celebensis (Sulawesi Toad, Celebes Toad), formerly Bufo celebensis, is a widespread and common
species on the island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in central Indonesia.
This adaptable species occurs in a variety of habitats including primary forest, disturbed
secondary forest, fields, plantations and villages. Like other true toads in
the Bufonidae family, it can also be
found in dry areas some distance from water.
Breeding takes place in quiet pools in streams, irrigation canals and
vegetated ponds (IUCN, 2018, Leong & Chou, 2000).
This toad exhibits 'typical' toad-like proportions, with large eyes
and a blunt snout. The raised paratoid glands which extend behind the eyes are slender.
Their skin colour is variable, ranging from brown to orange to pinkish, with
a paler underside.
The bottom-feeding tadpoles have an ovoid body shape and can reach about 1
cm in body length. They are jet black on the top and sides, and are less
pigmented beneath (Leong & Chou, 2000).
In addition to the main island of Sulawesi, Ingerophrynus celebensis
also occurs on smaller
islands nearby, including Muna, Buton, Banggai
and others; it ranges up to elevations of at least 1000 metres (IUCN, 2018).
Fig 1 : Example by a rocky stream at Kotamobagu, North
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on the apparent presence of a swollen humeral
gland just below the shoulder, this appears to be a male. Photo thanks to Kelvin Lim.
Fig 2 : Another male example with inflated vocal sac, calling loudly by day
from atop a boulder next to a small stream near Batu
Putih, Tangkoko
National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Fig 3 : Lowland stream near Batu Putih, Tangkoko National Park; the example
in Figure 2 was photographed here. Photo thanks
to Norman Lim.
References and links :
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 2018. Ingerophrynus celebensis. The
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T54606A114916855.
Leong, T. M., & Chou, L. M. (2000). Tadpole of the Celebes load Bufo
celebensis Gunther (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from northeast Sulawesi.
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 48(2), 297-300.
Amphibiaweb - Ingerophrynus celebensis
Wikipedia - Ingerophrynus
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